por Alejandro Reyes - Radio Zapatista (www.radiozapatista.org)
En un amplio patio de un pueblo en la sierra de Guerrero, rodeado de montañas y bosques, cientos de campesinos forman filas con sus armas en alto. Hay entre ellos muchos jóvenes y no pocos viejos. Sus armas con muy sencillas, su equipo, precario, pero su mirada es firme y llena de dignidad. Se trata de la Policía Comunitaria, uno de los proyectos de autonomía indígena más importantes de México, que el 14 y 15 de octubre celebran su 13er aniversario en esta comunidad de Tilapa, municipio de Malinaltepec, acompañados de comisarios y representantes de la Coordinadora Regional de Autoridades Comunitarias (CRAC) y algunas decenas de visitantes: activistas, investigadores, miembros de medios alternativos y de organizaciones solidarias.
A 13 años de su fundación, la Policía Comunitaria, que junto con el sistema de justicia representado por la CRAC es una de las más importantes experiencias de autonomía indígena de México, tiene razones de sobra para celebrar. La inseguridad y la violencia que en los 80s y 90s asolaban a la región hoy están bajo control. Pero, sobre todo, hay una conciencia de que las comunidades pueden resolver sus propios problemas sin tener que esperar que las respuestas vengan de fuera.
La sierra de Guerrero es una región con una larga historia de rebeldía. Esta es la tierra de los movimientos guerrilleros de Genaro Vázquez y Lucio Cabañas y de una larga tradición de organización indígena y campesina. Es, también, tierra de una de las más brutales campañas de represión del México moderno. La violencia contrainsurgente desatada en la década de 70 provocó una profunda inestabilidad social que dio origen a una situación descontrolada de inseguridad: abigeato, asaltos, violaciones sexuales, asesinatos. Ante la violencia, la desesperación de los habitantes se topaba con la indiferencia de las autoridades, cuando no su complicidad con los delincuentes.
Fue como respuesta a esta situación que, el 15 de octubre de 1995, las comunidades decidieron crear la Policía Comunitaria, formada por voluntarios que sirven a los pueblos sin recibir ninguna remuneración. Hoy, son más de 800 policías de 73 comunidades y la delincuencia ha disminuido en más del 90 por ciento. El padre Mario Hernández Campos, que participó en la experiencia desde sus inicios, cuenta cómo fue el proceso:
“Ante ese clima de violencia e inseguridad en el que vivíamos, el pueblo respondió asumiendo un papel que hasta entonces no había asumido: el ser sujetos. El tomar conciencia de que la solución no viene de fuera. Pero para eso se tuvo que hacer mucho trabajo, muchas asambleas en muchas comunidades. Cuántos de ustedes participaron en los brigadeos, visitando pueblo por pueblo. En esas reuniones que se terminaban a las 3, 4 de la mañana… Cuántas señoras haciendo las tortillas, cociendo los frijolitos, los señores que acarreaban la leña, la cooperación de los vecinos. Así fuimos aprendiendo que somos sujetos y que somos los responsables por las soluciones que buscamos.”
Esta conciencia también fue la causa de que la Policía Comunitaria no se pensara de forma aislada, sino como parte de un proyecto mucho más amplio para resolver los problemas más urgentes de los pueblos: las vías de comunicación, la educación, la justicia. De estos esfuerzos han resultado importantes victorias. La exigencia de los pueblos resultó en la construcción, aunque deficiente, de la carretera Tlapa-Marquelia hace cuatro años (los letreros que pregonan las bondades del gobierno que “sí cumple” están intactos; la carretera está destruida). Muy significativamente, el 12 de octubre del año pasado se inauguró la Universidad Intercultural de los Pueblos del Sur (Unisur), una universidad autónoma cuyo objetivo es la formación de intelectuales arraigados en sus comunidades, y que hoy cuenta con cuatro unidades académicas: Santa Cruz del Rincón, Cuajinicuilapa, Xochistlahuaca y Xalitla. Y durante el evento en Tilapa este 15 de octubre se bautizó formalmente la radio comunitaria “La voz de los pueblos”, que desde hace dos meses está transmitiendo desde la comunidad de Espino Blanco.
Durante los primeros años de su existencia, la Policía Comunitaria detenía a los delincuentes y los entregaba a las autoridades. Pero cuenta Cirino Plácido, uno de los fundadores, que la corrupción de las instituciones oficiales hacía que en pocos días los detenidos estuvieran nuevamente libres. “La inseguridad es un gran negocio para el Estado”, afirma. “El policía quiere dinero, el abogado quiere dinero, el juez quiere dinero.” Esta realidad llevó a la decisión de fundar, en 1998, la Coordinadora Regional de Autoridades Comunitarias, que es el órgano encargado de la procuración de justicia. Es la Coordinadora Regional quien se encarga de recibir las quejas, analizar las denuncias, expedir las órdenes de aprehensión y presentar a los detenidos a la asamblea comunitaria, donde, de acuerdo a los usos y costumbres, es el pueblo quien determina el castigo.
Los delitos no se pagan en forma de multa o cárcel, sino de lo que ellos llaman la reeducación. Ésta consiste en trabajos comunitarios, como pavimentación de calles, construcción de infraestructura o cualquier otra cosa en beneficio de la comunidad. Muy importantes en ese proceso de reeducación son las pláticas por parte del consejo de ancianos, reunidos regularmente por el comisario, que ayudan al detenido en el camino de la concientización. Así como la sentencia, la liberación se realiza ante la asamblea comunitaria, donde ésta se compromete a no tratar al detenido como un delincuente sino como un miembro de la comunidad en proceso de reeducación. O sea, la justicia se entiende como algo que involucra directamente a todos los miembros de la comunidad.
Ante esta experiencia de autonomía comunitaria la respuesta del gobierno ha sido la confrontación y la criminalización. Más de 40 autoridades y policías comunitarios tienen hoy órdenes de aprensión por los supuestos delitos de privación ilegal de la libertad, usurpación de funciones y abuso de autoridad. Paradójicamente, lo que más molesta al gobierno no es el hecho de que exista un cuerpo armado al margen de las instituciones oficiales, sino la impartición de justicia de acuerdo a los usos y costumbres. Esta oposición demuestra el desencuentro entre la “legalidad” de un sistema que para las comunidades no es legítimo, no sólo debido a la corrupción sino porque no refleja la realidad de los pueblos, y la legitimidad de una experiencia autónoma que no cabe en las leyes impuestas por ese sistema.
Para el antropólogo Guillermo Bonfil Batalla, México no es uno solo, sino dos: los que el llama el “México imaginario” (basado en la cultura occidental) y el “México profundo” (basado en la cultura indígena). Algo muy similar afirma Cirino Plácido: “Dicen que hay un solo México pero no es cierto. Está el México de allá, pero es nomás venir aquí que se encuentra otro México, el México olvidado.”
Entre los murales de Diego Rivera que cubren los muros del Palacio Nacional en la ciudad de México, hay uno frente al cual se detienen todos los visitantes. En él encontramos la imagen de una mujer indígena (con rostro de Frida Kahlo) cargando en su espalda a un bebé moreno de ojos azules. “El primer mexicano”, dice el guía de turistas. O sea, el producto del encuentro entre la civilización occidental y la indígena. Un encuentro sin duda terrible, pero que supuestamente engendró la gran Raza de Bronce, la nación mestiza por tanto tiempo negada y que la Revolución logró liberar de las ataduras de la historia, al enaltecer el glorioso pasado prehispánico como parte constitutiva de lo que hoy somos: un México unido, homogéneo, mestizo. Pero, en esta visión ¿dónde quedan los pueblos indios?
En una pequeña fonda en el camino de regreso de la sierra guerrerense rumbo al DF, en plena mixteca poblana, se escucha un cuento dramatizado en el radio: Una estudiante de antropología estadounidense viaja a Chiapas para estudiar a los indios tzotziles. Sus costumbres y sus condiciones de vida la horrorizan, y el radioescucha no puede más que concordar: supersticiones, pobreza, falta de higiene, primitivismo. Pero cuando ella decide nombrar su tesis “La condición salvaje de los indios de México”, el nacionalismo mexicano levanta la cabeza indignado: ¿qué se cree esa gringa racista? Una indignación difícil de conciliar con la conclusión previa de que sí, ni modo, los indios son primitivos. Afortunadamente, un sencillo médico mestizo, que viaja de pueblo en pueblo, llega para salvarnos del dilema. Cando el doctor humildemente cuestiona el título de la tesis, la estudiante le dice: “¡Pero los indios viven al margen de la civilización!” El médico entonces responde: “Sí, es cierto, pero eso no es culpa suya. Es culpa nuestra, de todos nosotros.” Moral de la historia: los pueblos indios de hoy no son más que un remanente desafortunado de un pasado destruido, y es deber y obligación del México mestizo civilizarlos para integrarlos a la nación.
Bonfil Batalla propone que no, que la cosa no va por ahí. Que de lo que se trata es de dos civilizaciones desencontradas (la occidental y la indígena), y que la historia de México no es sino la historia de ese desencuentro: de los intentos, por parte de la civilización vencedora, de negar y destruir a la civilización vencida, y de los mecanismos de resistencia que ésta última ha sabido usar para sobrevivir más de quinientos años. La ideología detrás de la nación mestiza representada por ese “primer mexicano” del mural de Diego Rivera no es más que un nuevo intento de genocidio hacia los pueblos indios, del cual éstos se defienden con el arsenal milenario de su civilización.
El desencuentro entre las dos civilizaciones y la imposición violenta de una sobre la otra es evidente en la experiencia de la Policía Comunitaria de Guerrero. En sus 13 años de vida, ésta ha logrado lo que el Estado no ha podido hacer en ninguna parte del país: controlar la inseguridad en una región particularmente violenta. Una de las mesas de trabajo en Tilapa se enfocó en la situación nacional de seguridad y justicia. En ella se hizo un balance de la coyuntura actual: una explosión sin precedentes de la inseguridad y la violencia, militarización del país, sistemas policial y de justicia con una severa crisis de legitimidad, una política del miedo vehiculada por los medios de comunicación y la criminalización los movimientos sociales. El Estado no sólo ha fracasado rotundamente en el combate a la inseguridad, sino que cada día quedan más evidentes sus vínculos con el narcotráfico y el crimen organizado. Siendo así, resulta lo mínimo paradójico que el Estado, en vez de coordinar esfuerzos con esta organización exitosa y promover su extensión en otras partes del país, insista en criminalizarla.
Como las comunidades rebeldes zapatistas, la experiencia de la Policía Comunitaria es una evidencia clara de que ese otro México, el México profundo, olvidado, ignorado, es una fuente viva de alternativas capaces de enfrentar los problemas que más afectan a la sociedad. Y si el México del poder, siguiendo su tradición centenar de negar esa otra realidad, continúa rehusándose a reconocer su vitalidad y vigencia, la Policía Comunitaria continuará siendo una inspiración para todos los de abajo, de México y del mundo, y prueba de que sí es posible crear alternativas al margen del sistema, aprendiendo de esos pueblos que llevan cinco siglos resistiendo.
Monday, October 20, 2008
The Community Police of Guerrero: the forgotten Mexico speaks
by Alejandro Reyes - Radio Zapatista (www.radiozapatista.org)
On a large patio of a community in the sierra of Guerrero, surrounded by mountains and forests, stand hundreds of peasants with their weapons held high. Among them there are many youth and quite a few elders. Their weapons are very simple, their equipment, precarious. It is the Community Police, one of the most important projects of indigenous autonomy in Mexico, which, on October 14 and 15, 2008, celebrated their 13th anniversary in this town of Tilapa, municipality of Malinaltepec accompanied by commissioners and representatives of the Regional Coordination of Community Authorities (CRAC) and several dozen visitors: activists, researchers, members of alternative media, and organizations in solidarity.
Thirteen years after its foundation, the Community Police, which together with the justice system represented by the CRAC is one of the most important experiences in indigenous autonomy in Mexico, has every reason to celebrate. The insecurity and violence that in the 80s and 90s devastated the region is today under control. But more importantly, there is now a widespread awareness that the communities can solve their own problems without waiting for answers to come from the outside.
The sierra of Guerrero has a long history of rebellion. It is the land of the guerrilla movements of Genaro Vázquez and Lucio Cabañas and of a long tradition of indigenous and peasant organization. It is also the land of one of the most brutal repression campaigns in modern Mexico. The counterinsurgent violence of the 70s created a deep social instability which led to an uncontrollable situation of insecurity: assaults, robbery, rape, murder. In the face of this violence, the despair of the inhabitants met only with indifference on the part of the authorities, or outright complicity with the delinquents.
As a response to this situation, on October 15, 1995, the communities decided to create the Community Police, composed of voluntary members who serve their people without any remuneration. Today, there are over 800 policemen from 73 communities, and insecurity has diminished over 90 percent. Father Mario Hernández Campos, who participated in this experience since its beginnings, described the process:
“Given the violence and insecurity we lived, our communities responded assuming a role we had never assumed: that of being subjects. Becoming aware that the solution doesn’t come from the outside. But in order to get there we had to do a lot of work, we had to hold many assemblies y many communities. How many of you participated in brigades, going from town to town. How many participated in those meetings that went on till 3, 4 in the morning… How many women making tortillas, cooking beans, how many men carrying firewood, how many neighbors supporting us. Thus we started to learn that we are subjects and that we are responsible for the solutions we look for.”
This awareness also explains the fact that the Community Police was not conceived in isolation, but as part of a much broader project which aims at resolving the communities’ most pressing problems: communication, education, justice. These efforts resulted in some important victories. The demands of the communities led to the construction, albeit defective, of the Tlapa-Marquelia road four years ago (the signs that boast the kindness of the government that “does provide” are intact; the road is destroyed). Very significantly, on October 12 last year was inaugurated the Intercultural University of the Peoples of the South (Unisur), an autonomous university which aims at preparing intellectuals with deep ties to the communities, and which today has four campuses: Santa Cruz del Rincón, Cuajinicuilapa, Xochistlahuaca, and Xalitla. And during the event this October 15, the community radio that has been transmitting for two months from the community of Espino Blanco, was formally baptized “The voice of the people.”
During the first years of its existence, the Community Police detained the delinquents and handed them over to the authorities. But Cirino Plácido, one of the founders, explains that the corruption of government institutions meant that a few days later the delinquents would be free. “Insecurity is a great business for the State,” he says. “The policeman wants money, the lawyer wants money, the judge wants money.” This reality led to the decision to create, in 1998, the Regional Coordination of Community Authorities, which is in charge of administering justice. It is this body which receives complaints, analyzes denunciations, emits arrest orders, and presents the detainees to the community assemblies, where, according to traditional custom, it is the people who decide on the punishment.
This punishment is neither fines nor jail, but what they call reeducation. This consists of community service such as paving roads, building infrastructure or anything else that the community might need. An important aspect of this reeducation process are the talks given by the elder council, which gathers regularly upon the commissioner’s request. These talks help the detainee to become aware of his or her errors. As in the case of the sentencing, the liberation takes place in an assembly, where the community commits itself not to treat him or her as a criminal, but as a member of the community in the process of reeducation. In other words, justice is understood as something that directly involves every member of the community.
The government’s response to this experience in community autonomy has been confrontation and criminalization. Over 40 authorities and community policemen have warrants for their arrest for the presumed crimes of illegal detention, usurping functions, and abusing authority. Curiously, what most bothers the government is not the existence of an armed organization outside of official institutions, but the administration of justice according to traditional customs. This opposition reveals the conflict between the “legality” of a system that the communities do not perceive as legitimate, not only because of its corruption, but because it does not reflect their reality, and the legitimacy of an autonomous experience that does not fit in the laws imposed by that system.
According to anthropologist Gillermo Bonfil Batalla, there is not only one Mexico but two: what he calls the “imaginary Mexico” (based on Western civilization) and the “deep Mexico” (based on indigenous civilization). Cirino Plácido says something similar: “They say there’s only one Mexico but that’s not true. There’s the Mexico that’s out there, but you only need to come here to realize there’s another Mexico, the forgotten Mexico.”
Among the murals by Diego Rivera that cover the walls of the National Palace in Mexico City there’s one that all visitors stop to look at. In it we find the image of an indigenous woman (with Frida Kahlo’s face) carrying a dark-skinned, blue-eyed baby on her back. “The first Mexican,” explains the tourist guide. In other words, the product of the encounter between Western civilization and indigenous cultures. An undoubtedly terrible encounter, but which supposedly engendered the great Bronze Race, the mestizo nation for centuries denied, which the Revolution managed to liberate from the shackles of history by recognizing our glorious pre-Hispanic past as a constitutive element of who we are today: a united, homogeneous, mestizo Mexico. But, in to this vision, where do indigenous peoples fit?
In a small, roadside restaurant on the way back from the Guerrero sierra towards Mexico City, in the heart of the Mixteca sierra of Puebla, the radio plays a dramatized version of a short story: an anthropology student from the US travels to Chiapas to study the Tzotzil Indians. Their customs and their life conditions horrify her, and the listener cannot help sympathize with her views: superstition, poverty, poor hygiene, primitivism. But when she decides to name her thesis “The savage condition of Mexican Indians,” Mexican nationalism rears its head in indignation: who does this racist gringa think she is? A rather difficult indignation to reconcile, given the previous conclusion that yes, Indians are primitive. Fortunately, a humble mestizo doctor, who travels from town to town, comes to the rescue. When he politely questions the appropriateness of the title, the student says, “But Indians live outside of civilization!” And the doctor responds, “Yes, that’s true. But that’s not their fault. It’s our fault, all of us.” Moral of the story: indigenous peoples of today are the unfortunate remnants of a destroyed past, and it is the duty of mestizo Mexico to civilize them in order to integrate them to the nation.
Bonfil Batalla proposes that things are not quite that way. He claims that what we have is the clash between two different (Western and indigenous) civilizations, and that Mexico’s history is the history of this conflict: the attempts on the part of the winning civilization to negate and destroy the vanquished one, and the latter’s mechanisms of resistance which have allowed it to survive for over five centuries. The ideology behind the mestizo nation represented by that “first Mexican” in Diego Rivera’s mural is just one more genocidal attempt against indigenous peoples, from which they defend themselves with the centuries-old arsenal of their civilization.
This clash of civilizations and the imposition of one over the other is evident in the experience of the Community Police of Guerrero. In its 13 years of existence, it has managed to accomplish what the state has failed to do anywhere in the country: to control insecurity in a region that was particularly violent. One of the work sessions in Tilapa focused on the national situation of security and justice. In it the participants evaluated where Mexico is today: an unprecedented explosion of insecurity and violence, militarization of the country, a law enforcement and justice system with a severe credibility crisis, a politics of fear manipulated by the media, and the criminalization of social movements. The state has not only failed miserably in the war against insecurity, but its relations with the drug trade and organized crime have become increasingly evident. That being so, it is at least paradoxical that the state, instead of coordinating efforts with this successful organization and promoting its growth in other parts of the country, insists in criminalizing it.
Like the Zapatista communities in rebellion, the experience of the Community Police is clear proof that this other Mexico, the deep, forgotten and ignored Mexico, is a live source of alternatives capable of facing the problems that most affect society. And if the Mexico in power, following its centuries-old tradition of denying that other reality, continues refusing to recognize its vitality and relevance, the Community Police will continue to serve as an inspiration for all of those from below, in Mexico and the world, and proof that it is indeed possible to create alternatives outside the system, learning from these peoples who have been resisting for over five hundred years.
On a large patio of a community in the sierra of Guerrero, surrounded by mountains and forests, stand hundreds of peasants with their weapons held high. Among them there are many youth and quite a few elders. Their weapons are very simple, their equipment, precarious. It is the Community Police, one of the most important projects of indigenous autonomy in Mexico, which, on October 14 and 15, 2008, celebrated their 13th anniversary in this town of Tilapa, municipality of Malinaltepec accompanied by commissioners and representatives of the Regional Coordination of Community Authorities (CRAC) and several dozen visitors: activists, researchers, members of alternative media, and organizations in solidarity.
Thirteen years after its foundation, the Community Police, which together with the justice system represented by the CRAC is one of the most important experiences in indigenous autonomy in Mexico, has every reason to celebrate. The insecurity and violence that in the 80s and 90s devastated the region is today under control. But more importantly, there is now a widespread awareness that the communities can solve their own problems without waiting for answers to come from the outside.
The sierra of Guerrero has a long history of rebellion. It is the land of the guerrilla movements of Genaro Vázquez and Lucio Cabañas and of a long tradition of indigenous and peasant organization. It is also the land of one of the most brutal repression campaigns in modern Mexico. The counterinsurgent violence of the 70s created a deep social instability which led to an uncontrollable situation of insecurity: assaults, robbery, rape, murder. In the face of this violence, the despair of the inhabitants met only with indifference on the part of the authorities, or outright complicity with the delinquents.
As a response to this situation, on October 15, 1995, the communities decided to create the Community Police, composed of voluntary members who serve their people without any remuneration. Today, there are over 800 policemen from 73 communities, and insecurity has diminished over 90 percent. Father Mario Hernández Campos, who participated in this experience since its beginnings, described the process:
“Given the violence and insecurity we lived, our communities responded assuming a role we had never assumed: that of being subjects. Becoming aware that the solution doesn’t come from the outside. But in order to get there we had to do a lot of work, we had to hold many assemblies y many communities. How many of you participated in brigades, going from town to town. How many participated in those meetings that went on till 3, 4 in the morning… How many women making tortillas, cooking beans, how many men carrying firewood, how many neighbors supporting us. Thus we started to learn that we are subjects and that we are responsible for the solutions we look for.”
This awareness also explains the fact that the Community Police was not conceived in isolation, but as part of a much broader project which aims at resolving the communities’ most pressing problems: communication, education, justice. These efforts resulted in some important victories. The demands of the communities led to the construction, albeit defective, of the Tlapa-Marquelia road four years ago (the signs that boast the kindness of the government that “does provide” are intact; the road is destroyed). Very significantly, on October 12 last year was inaugurated the Intercultural University of the Peoples of the South (Unisur), an autonomous university which aims at preparing intellectuals with deep ties to the communities, and which today has four campuses: Santa Cruz del Rincón, Cuajinicuilapa, Xochistlahuaca, and Xalitla. And during the event this October 15, the community radio that has been transmitting for two months from the community of Espino Blanco, was formally baptized “The voice of the people.”
During the first years of its existence, the Community Police detained the delinquents and handed them over to the authorities. But Cirino Plácido, one of the founders, explains that the corruption of government institutions meant that a few days later the delinquents would be free. “Insecurity is a great business for the State,” he says. “The policeman wants money, the lawyer wants money, the judge wants money.” This reality led to the decision to create, in 1998, the Regional Coordination of Community Authorities, which is in charge of administering justice. It is this body which receives complaints, analyzes denunciations, emits arrest orders, and presents the detainees to the community assemblies, where, according to traditional custom, it is the people who decide on the punishment.
This punishment is neither fines nor jail, but what they call reeducation. This consists of community service such as paving roads, building infrastructure or anything else that the community might need. An important aspect of this reeducation process are the talks given by the elder council, which gathers regularly upon the commissioner’s request. These talks help the detainee to become aware of his or her errors. As in the case of the sentencing, the liberation takes place in an assembly, where the community commits itself not to treat him or her as a criminal, but as a member of the community in the process of reeducation. In other words, justice is understood as something that directly involves every member of the community.
The government’s response to this experience in community autonomy has been confrontation and criminalization. Over 40 authorities and community policemen have warrants for their arrest for the presumed crimes of illegal detention, usurping functions, and abusing authority. Curiously, what most bothers the government is not the existence of an armed organization outside of official institutions, but the administration of justice according to traditional customs. This opposition reveals the conflict between the “legality” of a system that the communities do not perceive as legitimate, not only because of its corruption, but because it does not reflect their reality, and the legitimacy of an autonomous experience that does not fit in the laws imposed by that system.
According to anthropologist Gillermo Bonfil Batalla, there is not only one Mexico but two: what he calls the “imaginary Mexico” (based on Western civilization) and the “deep Mexico” (based on indigenous civilization). Cirino Plácido says something similar: “They say there’s only one Mexico but that’s not true. There’s the Mexico that’s out there, but you only need to come here to realize there’s another Mexico, the forgotten Mexico.”
Among the murals by Diego Rivera that cover the walls of the National Palace in Mexico City there’s one that all visitors stop to look at. In it we find the image of an indigenous woman (with Frida Kahlo’s face) carrying a dark-skinned, blue-eyed baby on her back. “The first Mexican,” explains the tourist guide. In other words, the product of the encounter between Western civilization and indigenous cultures. An undoubtedly terrible encounter, but which supposedly engendered the great Bronze Race, the mestizo nation for centuries denied, which the Revolution managed to liberate from the shackles of history by recognizing our glorious pre-Hispanic past as a constitutive element of who we are today: a united, homogeneous, mestizo Mexico. But, in to this vision, where do indigenous peoples fit?
In a small, roadside restaurant on the way back from the Guerrero sierra towards Mexico City, in the heart of the Mixteca sierra of Puebla, the radio plays a dramatized version of a short story: an anthropology student from the US travels to Chiapas to study the Tzotzil Indians. Their customs and their life conditions horrify her, and the listener cannot help sympathize with her views: superstition, poverty, poor hygiene, primitivism. But when she decides to name her thesis “The savage condition of Mexican Indians,” Mexican nationalism rears its head in indignation: who does this racist gringa think she is? A rather difficult indignation to reconcile, given the previous conclusion that yes, Indians are primitive. Fortunately, a humble mestizo doctor, who travels from town to town, comes to the rescue. When he politely questions the appropriateness of the title, the student says, “But Indians live outside of civilization!” And the doctor responds, “Yes, that’s true. But that’s not their fault. It’s our fault, all of us.” Moral of the story: indigenous peoples of today are the unfortunate remnants of a destroyed past, and it is the duty of mestizo Mexico to civilize them in order to integrate them to the nation.
Bonfil Batalla proposes that things are not quite that way. He claims that what we have is the clash between two different (Western and indigenous) civilizations, and that Mexico’s history is the history of this conflict: the attempts on the part of the winning civilization to negate and destroy the vanquished one, and the latter’s mechanisms of resistance which have allowed it to survive for over five centuries. The ideology behind the mestizo nation represented by that “first Mexican” in Diego Rivera’s mural is just one more genocidal attempt against indigenous peoples, from which they defend themselves with the centuries-old arsenal of their civilization.
This clash of civilizations and the imposition of one over the other is evident in the experience of the Community Police of Guerrero. In its 13 years of existence, it has managed to accomplish what the state has failed to do anywhere in the country: to control insecurity in a region that was particularly violent. One of the work sessions in Tilapa focused on the national situation of security and justice. In it the participants evaluated where Mexico is today: an unprecedented explosion of insecurity and violence, militarization of the country, a law enforcement and justice system with a severe credibility crisis, a politics of fear manipulated by the media, and the criminalization of social movements. The state has not only failed miserably in the war against insecurity, but its relations with the drug trade and organized crime have become increasingly evident. That being so, it is at least paradoxical that the state, instead of coordinating efforts with this successful organization and promoting its growth in other parts of the country, insists in criminalizing it.
Like the Zapatista communities in rebellion, the experience of the Community Police is clear proof that this other Mexico, the deep, forgotten and ignored Mexico, is a live source of alternatives capable of facing the problems that most affect society. And if the Mexico in power, following its centuries-old tradition of denying that other reality, continues refusing to recognize its vitality and relevance, the Community Police will continue to serve as an inspiration for all of those from below, in Mexico and the world, and proof that it is indeed possible to create alternatives outside the system, learning from these peoples who have been resisting for over five hundred years.
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